Nosebleeds ("epistaxis" in medical terms), occur in 1 out of 7 people. With the exception of a rare, underlying clotting disorder or tumor, the vast majority of cases are benign in nature and will resolve spontaneously generally within 5 to 20 minutes. This article examines the common causes, treatment and prevention of nose bleeds.

It is a common myth that nosebleeds happen due to high blood pressure. That is not entirely correct. Your doctor will measure your blood pressure not because it has caused the bleeding, but to calm you down and because that is a standard medical procedure.

In acute rhinitis, the nasal mucous membrane becomes congested, swollen and edematous. This quickly subsides, and the membrane returns to normal. After repeated attacks, particularly in cases which originate as a result of chronic sinusitis, this swelling becomes obstinate, and causes a chronic catarrh. Excluding the recurring attacks of allergic vasomotor rhinitis, these attacks are acute exacerbations of the same common cold.

There are many causes for nosebleeds but the following are some of the major ones:-

The inability of the blood to clot due to blood thinning medication such as aspirin or warfarin;

Liver disease;

Thinning of the membranes inside the nose causing the vessels to be very close to the surface;

Rare causes -- abnormal blood vessels in the nose and nasal cancers;

High Blood Pressure -- this may be a contributing factor but is almost never the only reason;

Scratching the inside of the nose, especially if it is dry and crusty inside;

Some of the primary causes of recurrent nosebleeds are:

1. Capillary sensitivity (often seen in children and senior citizens)
2. Trauma to the nose (athletes, boxers, mixed martial artists, and soldiers)
3. Dryness and Poor Healing (due to prescription medicines, various diseases, and allergies)

Types:

The first is an 'anterior' nosebleed. 90% of all nosebleeds fall into this category. The bleeding originates from the blood vessels on the nasal septum just inside the nose. This is the area that can easily be seen by a doctor when he looks into your nose with an instrument.

The second type is a 'posterior' nosebleed. This type is much less common and would account for the other 10% of nosebleeds. This type of bleed originates from an artery in the very back of the nose.

Treatment:

The treatment of nasal obstruction requires the removal of the nasal obstruction, followed by measures to overcome whatever chronic infection exists. In most patients, the underlying nasal allergy is the legion which requires the treatment. At times it is necessary to drain the nasal sinuses by extreme operation. The operation performed depends on the type of nasal obstruction found. They are usually performed using local anesthesia.

As a general rule, bleeding can be controlled by the application of cold compresses. It is helpful to use a roentgenogram to determine the displacement of the fractured bones and to rule out an extension of the fracture into the skull.

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